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 Gary Katz

                  CBC NEWS ONLINE

                  In the Beginning

                  The land that the State of Israel sits on is small enough to
                  fit into New Brunswick three and a half times, but you
                  can't get from Mesopotamia to the Nile by chariot without
                  crossing it. It's been controlled by Canaanites, Israelites,
                  Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Egyptians,
                  Romans, Arabs, Turks, and the British and it's deeply
                  embedded into the passions and the history of Muslims,
                  Christians, and Jews.

                  When the Israelites travelled eastward across the Sinai
                  Desert in their exodus from Egypt over three thousand
                  years ago, the land they were aiming for was called
                  Canaan. Their tradition was that God had promised the
                  land to the patriarch Abraham and his descendants.
                  Jericho, the first town in the West Bank lands to be given
                  Palestinian self-rule by Israel (1994), is famous for its
                  place in an Old Testament story involving Joshua,
                  trumpets and tumbling walls. It goes back 10,000 years
                  and is the oldest settlement ever uncovered. 

                  Around 1000 BC, after successful conquests, the land
                  became the Hebrew state of Israel, named after the
                  patriarch Jacob who was renamed Israel by God. It's first
                  kings were the famous trio of Saul, David, and Solomon.
                  A century later, after Solomon's death, the country was
                  divided into two and the southern portion named Judah.
                  In 721 BC, Israel was destroyed by the Assyrians and its
                  inhabitants disappeared from history as "The Ten Lost
                  Tribes of Israel". 

                  In 587 BC, Judah was conquered by the Babylonians,
                  and the Jews (from the name "Judah") were deported into
                  exile. 50 years later, when the Persians under Cyrus the
                  Great overcame the Babylonians, the Jews were
                  permitted home again to rebuild Solomon's Temple in
                  Jerusalem which the Babylonians had destroyed.

                  Between the Persians and the Roman occupation around
                  the time of Christ, the land was under the control of
                  Alexander the Great, the Ptolemies of Egypt, and the
                  Seleucids of Syria. A brief Jewish dynasty resulted from a
                  national uprising by Judas Maccabeus (the source of the
                  festival of Hannuka) but by the middle of the century
                  Before Christ, Romans were in control of the province
                  they called Judea. In 70 AD the Romans destroyed
                  Jerusalem (and the Temple) and again most of the Jews
                  were dispersed from the land.

                  In the early seventh century a new religion came blazing
                  out of Arabia fueled with the word of the prophet
                  Mohammed and afire with his admonition to spread it.
                  Islam (meaning "submission" or "surrender" to Allah's will)
                  was seen by Mohammed as a continuation of Judaism
                  and Christianity, and his God was the same as in both the
                  Old and New Testaments. His followers spread quickly
                  throughout the middle east (and much further). Except for
                  several years of Christian control during the Crusades,
                  Palestine remained in Muslim hands, first Arab then Turk,
                  for 1300 years until the end of World War One. 

                  The Twentieth Century

                  The empire of the Ottoman Turks had existed since the
                  middle of the fifteenth century and included the ancient
                  land of Palestine and much that surrounded it. Turkey had
                  sided with losing Germany in World War One and was
                  carved up afterward by victorious Britain and France. By
                  that time- the early 1920s- Jewish immigration into
                  Palestine had already begun on a small but regular scale.
                  There were 85,000 Jews in Palestine by the beginning of
                  the war. By 1925 it was closer to 110,000.

                  Zionism, an organized movement to settle Jews in
                  Palestine, had increased its activity in the late nineteenth
                  century as a result of growing, violent anti-Semitism in
                  Russia and Eastern Europe. Zionists were immensely
                  hopeful when, in 1917, the British foreign secretary Lord
                  Balfour put into writing Britain's support for "the
                  establishment in Palestine of a national home for the
                  Jewish people." He didn't, however, suggest turning the
                  country into a Jewish state. When the League of Nations
                  made Palestine a British mandate after the war, Lord
                  Balfour's declaration was assumed as part of the deal and
                  the allied powers of the Great War all agreed. 

                  It was the people whose land it was that objected. 

                  Britain quickly discovered that the idea of a Jewish
                  homeland in Palestine was immensely unpopular among
                  the residents of the area (except the Jewish settlers
                  already there). For the years between the World Wars
                  Jewish immigration and Arab hostility to it both continued
                  while Britain tried to avoid doing anything wrong, which
                  meant avoiding doing anything at all. By 1935 there were
                  300,000 Jews in Palestine. Tel Aviv, founded in 1909,
                  had 100,000 people.

                  As conditions in Nazi Germany worsened throughout the
                  thirties, the need for Jewish sanctuary in Palestine grew
                  but conflicted with British needs to woo Arab support in
                  case of war. In 1939 Britain declared that Jewish land
                  purchases in Palestine would be cut back sharply for the
                  next five years and then stopped altogether. 

                  Then came the War. When it was over in 1945, the case
                  for a Jewish homeland was stronger than it had ever been.
                  The problem was both practical and emotional. The
                  practical issue was the hundreds of thousands of Jews in
                  Europe who had no homes to return to and little or no
                  family left alive. 2.3 million of the eight million Jews who
                  had lived in German- occupied Europe were still alive.
                  They had to go somewhere. The emotional problem was
                  the guilt and sadness that resulted from the revelation of
                  the millions who hadn't survived. The Jewish homeland
                  question was front and centre. 

                  In 1947 Britain, which had been handed the Palestine
                  problem by the now-defunct League of Nations passed it
                  on, with relief, to the newly born United Nations. The UN
                  agreed to partition Palestine into a Jewish state, an Arab
                  state, and a neutral UN zone containing Jerusalem, a city
                  sacred to three religions. The Jews were thrilled, the
                  Arabs adamantly opposed.

                  In late 1947 the plan was ratified by the UN, and the
                  State of Israel proclaimed on May 14, 1948. Hundreds
                  of thousands of Palestinians fled the country or were
                  evicted, the British pulled out completely, and most of the
                  Arab world- Egypt, Transjordan (now Jordan), Syria,
                  Iraq, and Lebanon, as well as Palestinians- immediately
                  attacked in an attempt to destroy Israel. By the time of
                  armistice in 1949 Israel held three quarters of Palestine-
                  twice as much land as the UN had proposed- Jordan had
                  taken the land on the West Bank of the Jordan River, and
                  Egypt had taken the Gaza Strip. The Palestinians had
                 nothing. 

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